《鼠疫:战争与和平》是一本由曹树基李玉尚著作,山东画报出版的466图书,本书定价:32.00元,页数:2006-9,特精心从网络上整理的一些读者的读后感,希望对大家能有帮助。《鼠疫:战争与和平》精选点评:●有意思,但不care●很有趣的书XD社会史的科技(疾病环境生态..
《鼠疫:战争与和平》是一本由曹树基 / 李玉尚著作,山东画报出版的466图书,本书定价:32.00元,页数:2006-9,特精心从网络上整理的一些读者的读后感,希望对大家能有帮助。
《鼠疫:战争与和平》精选点评:
●有意思,但不care
●很有趣的书XD 社会史的科技(疾病/环境/生态...)路线。在书里不时与其他学者攻讦、隔空喊话 太逗了
●窃以为战争的鼠疫影响不如几个和平时期的区域鼠疫传播写的扎实,多为点的聚合难以说是一个全面的考察,可能也是年代早晚史料多寡所致吧。另外,对于地方志的一些虚词,我觉得应该加以区分。
●比较详细的历史上鼠疫的资料汇编,按作者中国的鼠疫大流行一般与战争同步,很多淹没在战争中,国内对鼠疫的研究较少,不像黑死病那么有名,但其实也是发生很多,死亡很多。
●也算是國內的開創作品吧。。
●“鼠疫史-生态史”“社会史-环境史”。从目录框架上看感觉与班凯乐那本很像,但内容上更丰富了一些。不过时空跨度太大感觉就是分个组说上一串,整体连贯性并没有那么突出。中国史还是要多关注中文的史料…。
●对于鼠疫入门了解来说,也是一本很适合的书
●突然发现,这就是《驱逐捣蛋者》中的“捣蛋者”吧……
●历史究竟是什么?也许历史本没有真相,历史是没有起点也没有终点,只有方向。像时间一样。我们无须追根溯源,所有的探寻,或许只是在历史断面的解构。
●社会变迁即是环境变迁,环境变迁亦即社会变迁
《鼠疫:战争与和平》读后感(一):买椟还珠的推荐语
诚然,“老鼠灭亡了明朝”是本书中某章的标题,然而将之单独挑出来作为本书的主打,却分明犯了买椟还珠的错误。本书的价值在于其对鼠疫与中国社会变迁之间关系的开拓性研究。明末的鼠疫固然也是这种关系的一个表现,但全书表现的却不是只有明末。
《鼠疫:战争与和平》读后感(二):到底是哪一种鼠疫参与灭亡大明?!
春节前,武汉肺炎初期没多久,小姐姐因为想起达原汤以及苏州名医吴又可的瘟疫论,在豆瓣提倡重温大明劫这部电影。其实吾国不仅2019年玉门,就是不久前的去年,2019年11月里北京朝阳区也鉴定以及救治了两名内蒙草原的肺鼠疫患者。其实我想说的是明末席卷整个北方的,包括李自成与孙过庭鏖战的陕西,在吴又可(大明劫男一号原型)的瘟疫论里记载的是“疙瘩瘟”即淋巴腺鼠疫。唯独在北京及其附近地区,包括此地的精锐部队官兵爆发了肺鼠疫(一般是继发于淋巴腺鼠疫,也有原发的),即欧洲所谓“东罗马帝国查士丁尼鼠疫”或者“黑死病”。上海交大科技史系的曹老师与李老师这俩我选过课的业师是最早指出来,明军和闯军都亡于北京的肺鼠疫,而清军因为是骑兵,传播鼠疫的跳蚤害怕马尿,所以得以保全。还有以我作为修习过科技史的历史爱好者以及医学病理学师太的浅见看,吾国记载的古代“鼠疫”至少包括两类疾病:耶尔森氏杆菌属的细菌性疾病---鼠疫杆菌;还有老鼠身上可以寄生传播的汉坦病毒,即流行性出血热。
今天特别要说明的是,很长时间内世界医学界对于鼠疫的认识停留在淋巴腺鼠疫层面,肺鼠疫的确认要感谢一位被诺贝尔奖遗忘的,但永远被铭记在中国人民以及东亚人民心中的客家人英雄学者--伍连德博士。有兴趣的童鞋可阅读:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ER8_1PRh-_xsCbNYAhuZdQ
伍连德算是我祖父(我爷爷他哥哥即吾家大爷爷是1955年授勋的开国将领里井冈山时期最有文化的红军军人之一)的师傅,因为祖父他在协和与湘雅的师兄就是伍先生的外甥也是张静江的女婿林可胜也值得大书特书,是抗战时期吾国整个国防后勤医疗体系的构建者,同样临危受命,战后因为跟那些退缩小岛的贪腐大员们格格不入,跟胡适一样,流亡、终老于美--今年小姐姐我整理的口述历史长篇《劳燕和合记》会写到他。
《鼠疫:战争与和平》读后感(三):鼠疫:戰爭與和平——中國的環境與社會變遷(1230-1960年)
Journal of History and Anthropology 6 (2008): 286-289.
huji Cao, Yushang Li, The Plague: War and Peace: Environmental and Social Changes in China. Jinan: Shandong Pictorial Publishing House, 2006.
書評:鼠疫:戰爭与和平:中國的環境與社會變遷(1230-1960年)
『歷史人類學學刊』第六卷第一、二期合刊,2008,页286-289。
曹樹基、李玉尚:《鼠疫:戰爭與和平——中國的環境與社會變遷(1230-1960年)》,濟南:山東畫報出版社,2006,466頁。
上個世紀末,在新文化史觀念的影響下,史家不斷反思並突破自身局限,醫療史、環境史的研究隨之興起,至今方興未艾。曹樹基、李玉尚合著《鼠疫:戰爭與和平——中國的環境與社會變遷(1230-1960年)》即是在這種學術潮流和現世關懷下,回應西方學術進展、實踐史學不同方法的一部力作。作者曾學習和供職復旦大學歷史地理研究中心,熟諳歷史地理人口的發展變遷,曾主編《中國人口史》,獲譽學林。《鼠疫》一書,立意雖新,然從中可以看出作者深厚的知識積累,如對比閲讀《中國人口史》,書中關於死亡率的探討等,已為《鼠疫》相關問題的論證打下基礎。儘管死亡率估計常常有較大爭議,但這也是醫療和疾病史研究者共同面臨的一個困境,即材料的缺乏和模糊性,以及由此衍生的釋讀分歧。以下簡要評析本書的主要内容及作者的用功之處。
本書第一編集中討論研究概念和方法論。作者力圖突破「瘟疫史」的研究範式,進一步確立「疾病史」的明晰化研究導向。古今病名衆多,所指不一,這一方面會引發古今病名和實質的名實異同之爭,另一方面也創造了推進問題研究深度的可能。諸如「惡核」、「疙瘩瘟」、「羊毛瘟」等命名,判定為鼠疫的可能性無疑較大,諸如「傷寒熱症」等則顯得更為復雜。當前疾病史的研究尚存在大量不可知之處,尤其在其進入社會史範圍的討論時更需要面對大量的跳躍空間,本書即是這種不同史學範疇結合的努力,尤其體現於與先前學者的對話之中。西方學者賈雷德•戴蒙德(Jared M.Diamond,1999)、麥克尼爾(William H.McNeill,1998)、羅塞林•雷伊(Roselyne Rey,1993)都致力於將疾病和醫療的探討與社會的變動過程相結合,從而獲得反觀的效果並在這種變化的過程中把握歷史更加複雜的面相。而在本書中,社會變動與疾病消長起伏之間的關係開始有了一些輪廓和細節。
本書的第二和第三編分別講述本書的核心內容——「戰爭與和平」之下鼠疫的傳播。基於第一編對文獻中可能性記錄的梳理和鼠疫判定,作者力圖從文獻和調查中把握變動時代和常態之下疾病的傳播方式並建構一些可供參考的模式。作者認為,金元時期的戰爭流行的瘟疫可能是元兵從滇西疫源地傳入川、襄的結果,另一個疑似區域為粵東、贛南和福建,他又從南安府的情況分析認為臨床症狀看是肺鼠疫和腺鼠疫的混合流行。對蒙古軍隊帶來的是鼠疫還是霍亂的辨析雖未能有一個很明確的結果,卻足以顯見作者在發掘和解釋材料上的努力(81頁)。雖然「在現存的611塊墓碑中,有三塊記載墓主死於鼠疫」(96-97頁)的情形很難說明「發生過不同尋常的高死亡率」、論證襄城縣的疫情以大樑縣的立論為基礎,但大樑縣的「大頭瘟」和「大熱之症」是否即為鼠疫仍有待確定(112頁)、諸如「淋巴腫大」一類症狀,斷為「鼠疫引起」還應有其他輔助說明,但是在論證方法上,本編最值得注意之處是「元代的傳說與事實」中由歐洲鼠疫確切記錄所顯現的現象、結合中國文獻的少許記錄來鉤沉索隱,加以時間的對應和路線傳輸這種實際運作的推測,析解出了一些令人不解或看似荒誕的記錄的合理性,論證過程頗為精妙。從社會史角度看,作者論述了各地一些可能的疫情記載,尚未及較深的地方社會變動狀況。一些技術細節上,比如金元時代材料較為缺乏的問題,比如明清易代瘟疫對清兵的影響的解析,都有待進一步研究。對材料的選取和解釋上,作者力圖突破的就是對材料中出現鼠類及相關活動字眼的限制,因為盡管死鼠的判斷指標固然很重要,但也只有突破這點(當然也必須很謹慎),整個研究方才不致有無米之炊之歎。第六章「刀兵之疫」敍述的是咸豐年間回民領袖杜文秀與清廷戰亂之后鼠疫流行的流行狀況,材料來源於方志、文獻、調查報告(含各類口述)。其所述為19世紀中期,記錄較多而且確切,前提也可以確定必為鼠疫,這使得由調查材料而得的死亡率估計和可能存在的模型估計顯得非常有意義。「害痒子死就兩倍」、「鼠疫死了十分之七」這一類看似粗略的口述,往往隱含著相應的真實,作者通過對各府數據的計算,認為「疫死人口占戰爭中人口死亡總數的61%」(156頁)。戰爭的一個很大的結果就是人群的大幅度變動和屍體、棄物等可能的傳染媒介的大量出現,所以「在戰爭邊緣區,則僅有散在性的鼠疫發生」(150頁)。
和平局勢下的疫病討論分別從雲南、閩粵、東北和西北四個大區展開和建構模型。第七章「雲南模式:地形與交通」討論的地點在雲南,因記錄詳細,鼠疫之症較爲明確,本章圍繞此展開的具體地理和時間空間的傳播研究平實可信,所謂「市鎮-村莊」、「市鎮-市鎮」以及「縣-縣」的模式被構建起來,而商路傳播模式則在實證下被否定,凸顯相對於「通識」的研究的意義。第八章「閩粵模式」以較強有力的資料證明了某種持續性和起伏性,相信作者將進一步尋找個案配合並進一步顯示該區疫病特點與地理區位的關係,也有可能利用商業和家族文書來顯示某一時刻以人為載體的疫病具體的傳播路線和過程。鄉村疫死人口的數據蒐集和分析對于該區尤其有效,也是本章中作者最感興趣的問題之一。第九章「東北模式」以張元奇和伍連德的報告為基礎,向讀者展示了在鐵路這種現代交通工具廣泛應用的區域下鼠疫的傳播形式,與第四編「國家醫學」中的許多例子也有呼應。第十和十一章「西北模式」敍述的是1930年代以後之事,在概括提煉和建構模式上尚有很大前景,比如基于鐵路城市點和寺院點疫病潛伏、傳播和暴發的研究拓展。基於討論的總體時間為十九和二十世紀,所提供支持的材料可以是現代醫學確定病癥的調查和報告,清代方志和清人筆記較豐富的記錄,該編奠定了本書的基礎。一動一靜中,常態的情形更多反映日常生活的歷史。
第四編的敘述是在一個救災和近代公共醫療衛生的框架下進行的。其中《上海的反應》一文以《申報》的報導為分析,顯示了防疫和近代國家轉型的趨勢,視角獨特而意趣盎然。除此之外,南方、山西和內蒙的防疫觀念、措施、過程和結果也都進行了相關的討論。通過對醫術、藥方和治療法的分析,作者指出在鼠疫流行時,各地中醫的回應即是通過驗方移治和加減藥方的辦法來治療,而非探求新法新劑,而民眾的觀念使現代醫療和衛生的推進遇到較大阻力,地方政府與中央政府扮演的角色也非常有趣,尤其是涉及民間組織(如各種善堂)、華僑和租界的時候,多方的行動在不同情況下有不同結局。值得注意的是政府防疫的觀念前後也會發生變化,對民眾的動員力也是如此。最後一編的總結表達了作者對空間意義和環境哲學的追尋和理念。
本書副標題為「中國的環境與社會變遷」,可見是一部較總體性的社會環境史專著,在對疾病的深入分析方面也有篳路之功。書中使用了大量地方防疫站、檔案館、衛生處的記錄材料和調查報告,珍貴而獨特的材料也顯示了作者的辛勞與調查實踐。在疾病史的問題討論上,儘管對中醫文獻的運用和解釋可能會有觝牾,如「大頭天行」、「疙瘩」與「親戚不相訪問」等等,但書中還是充滿了對文獻中疫病同名和不同名記錄的辨析和推敲。而在作者熟稔的專長領域,區域地貌、生態的敘述和分析更是一種很努力地展示疾病從動物到人的影響過程,這也更加賦予讀者繼續深入探尋瘟疫史、疾病史、環境史與社會史之間交集的動力,繼續追尋諸如病理與症狀的對應性、疾病載體和傳播機制、環境與社會變遷的相關性等問題,這些都是本書的開拓和畱給讀者的思考。
(北京大學歷史系 陳博翼)
http://schina.ust.hk/Publish/Jornal/jornal_612.htm
《鼠疫:战争与和平》读后感(四):Booke Review: The Plague: War and Peace: Environmental and Social Changes in China.
huji Cao, Yushang Li, The Plague: War and Peace: Environmental and Social Changes in China. Jinan: Shandong Pictorial Publishing House, 2006. Journal of History and Anthropology 6 (2008): 286-289.
ook Review: Shuji Cao, Yushang Li, The Plague: War and Peace: Environmental and Social Changes in China, 1230-1960. Jinan: Shandong Pictorial Publishing House, 2006. 466 p.*
It’s the impact of New Cultural History, which rose at 1980s, drives historians to reconsider the limitation of previous history research and seek breakouts. As two important branches of New Cultural History, medical history (including the history of human disease) and environmental history appeared under this circumstance and become popular nowadays. Shuji Cao and Yushang Li’s new work The Plague is a good case study of applying New Cultural History Methodology to history academic research. Shuji Cao, a professor of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and once worked in the Center for Historical Geography Studies at Fudan University, is adept at demographic transition research. The brilliant new work The Plague is based on his discussion of mortality rate in The Population History of China (vol.4-6). Although the mortality rate estimates are sometimes questionable, it is a common predicament in medical history and human disease study, since the primary sources are not only scarce but also vague, and could be interpreted in difference ways.
The first part of the book is about the conception and methodology of research. The authors try to break out the framework of “History of Epidemic” and make a clear direction to “History of Human Disease” study. This makes the research become more in-depth. It is so difficult to match the ancient names of diseases to modern ones; because same disease names between ancient and modern could turn out to be different diseases, while different disease names could actually be the same disease. “E’he,” “Geda wen,” “Yangmao wen” can be recognized as plague, but “Shanghan rezheng” might be too complex to be recognized. By now, there is a large unknowable field in the study of human disease, especially when it comes into social history discussions. Jared M. Diamond (1999) and William H. McNeill (1998) endeavor to combine the research of human disease and medical treatment to the process of social transition, in order to restore the more complex history truth. This book to some extent draws a picture and provides details of the relationship between disease and social transition.
The second and third parts of the book are the core sections of the book: the propagation of plague in War and Peace. Based on the records of primary sources, the authors try to describe the propagation of disease in both normal and abnormal periods. From their perspectives, the plague that was popular during Jin-Yuan War, could be taken by Mongolian army from west Yunnan (source of plague) to Sichuan and Hubei. Another suspicious source was among east Guangdong, south Jiangxi and Fujian. They believe that the plague was a combination of pneumonic plague and bubonic plague, according to the clinical symptom records in Nan’an Fu (p. 82). However, the disease was plague is still not a valid statement: the evidences that the 3 of the 611 preserved tombstones which showed the owners died in plague also cannot demonstrate the situation that “abnormally high mortality rate once appeared.” (PP. 96-7); and it’s hard to judge if “Datou wen” and “Dare zhi zheng” in Daliang county were plague (p. 112). However, the argumentation in the “legends and facts in Yuan dynasty” part is brilliant: the authors mimicked how plague spreads in Europe and used the same logic to connect the fragmented Chinese plague records into a reasonable plague propagation story in Yuan Dynasty China. The shortages of the book are that the authors didn’t touch down to the in-depth transition of local society, and some other analysis such as the defective of Jin-Yuan records and epidemic affection of Qing army, need to be strengthened. Chapter six narrates the prevalent plague after the rebellion of Du Wenxiu, the Muslim leader, in Xianfeng period. They use the more accurate and complete local records and investigations to estimate the mortality rate and try to construct an evaluation model. The conclusion is “61% of the population who died in War is actually died in plague.” (p. 156)
The epidemic transmissions in Peaceful period are modeled in four large regions: Yunnan, Fujian and Guangdong, Northeast and Northwest China. Chapter seven is focus in Yunnan. Based on the detailed and clear records, the time-series and cross-regional descriptions about plague propagation are concrete and persuasive. Several models of epidemic transmission are constructed: “town-village,” “town-town,” “county-county.” The trading route transmission model is denied. Chapter eight reveals the continuity and volatility of plague in Fujian and Guangdong, but lack of a solid case study. However, the authors find that analysis based on the data collection of the number of people who died in plague in rural area is effective in this region. Chapter nine shows the epidemic transmission in the region where modern traffic such as railway was widely applied. Chapter ten and eleven narrates what happen after 1930s. They rely on the modern medical science reports and investigations, and the abundant Qing Dynasty records to study the cities and temples sites in railway line. In this regard, daily lives in both war and peace ages are revealed.
arratives in the fourth part are under a framework of disaster relieves and modern public medical treatments and hygiene. The Shanghai case reflects the relationship between immunization and transformation of a modern nation. The authors also discuss the ideas, measures and results of disinfection in South China, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. They indicate that the traditional Chinese medicine treats plague by testing the older medicaments and adding or cutting the dose, not by searching new medicaments. Meanwhile, people’s traditional views also blocked the impetus of modern medical treatment and hygiene. Local government, central government and popular organizations’ attitude towards immunization was also fickle (e.g. Charity House). The authors express their ideas of meaning of space and their philosophies of environment in the last part.
The subtitle of the book “Environmental and Social Changes in China,” tells us it is a work of social environmental history. The authors use a lot of archives, investigations and reports of local archives and health and epidemic prevention stations, the special and previous materials successfully reveal part of the history. In the discussion of history of human disease, though the authors may falsely apply or interpret some Chinese medical texts (e.g. “Datou tianxing,” “Geda,”), their analysis and research on the names of diseases are valuable. Moreover, the regional geography, the authors also dedicate to describe the epidemic transmission process from animals to human based on their major field of research on regional geography, encouraging the readers to investigate epidemic history, environmental history and social history, to figure out the correspondence of pathology and symptom, the support of diseases, and the relations of environment and social changing. These are all what the book could leave us for thinking.
oyi Chen (Peking University)
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