Maria Carolina of Austria

Portrait by Anton Raphael Mengs, 1768

Queen consort of Naples and Sicily

Tenure

12 May 1768 – 8 September 1814[a]

Born

13 August 1752Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austria, Holy Roman Empire

Died

8 September 1814(aged 62)Hetzendorf Palace, Vienna, Austria

Burial

Imperial Crypt, Vienna

Spouse

Ferdinand IV of Naples, III of Sicily

Issuemore...

Maria Teresa, Empress of AustriaLuisa Maria, Grand Duchess of TuscanyPrince Carlo, Duke of CalabriaPrincess Maria AnnaFrancis I, King of the Two SiciliesMaria Cristina, Queen of SardiniaPrince GennaroPrince GiuseppeMaria Amalia, Queen of the FrenchMaria Antonia, Princess of AsturiasPrincess Maria ClotildePrincess Maria EnrichettaLeopold, Prince of SalernoPrince AlbertoPrincess Maria Isabella

Names

Maria Carolina Luise Josefa Johanna Antonia

House

Habsburg-Lorraine

Father

Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

Mother

Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia

Religion

Roman Catholicism

Maria Carolina of Austria (Maria Carolina Louise Josepha Johanna Antonia; 13 August 1752 – 8 September 1814) was Queen of Naples and Sicilyas the wife of King Ferdinand IV & III. As de facto ruler of her husband's kingdoms, Maria Carolina oversaw the promulgation of many reforms, including the revocation of the ban on Freemasonry, the enlargement of the navy under her favourite, Sir John Acton, and the expulsion of Spanish influence. She was a proponent of enlightened absolutism until the advent of the French Revolution, when, in order to prevent its ideas gaining currency, she made Naples a police state.

Born an Austrian archduchess, the thirteenth child of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I, she married Ferdinand as part of an Austrian alliance with Spain, where Ferdinand's father was king. Following the birth of a male heir in 1775, Maria Carolina was admitted to the Privy Council. Thereafter, she dominated it until 1812, when she was sent back to Vienna. Like her mother, Maria Carolina took pains to make politically advantageous marriages for her children. Maria Carolina promoted Naples as a centre of the arts, patronising painters Jacob Philipp Hackert and Angelica Kauffman and academics Gaetano Filangieri, Domenico Cirillo and Giuseppe Maria Galanti. Maria Carolina, abhorring how the French treated their queen, her sister Marie Antoinette, allied Naples with Britain and Austria during the Napoleonic and French RevolutionaryWars. As a result of a failed Neapolitan invasion of French-occupied Rome, she fled to Sicily with her husband in December 1798. One month later, the Parthenopean Republic was declared, which repudiated Bourbon rule in Naples for six months. Deposed as Queen of Naples for a second time by French forces, in 1806, Maria Carolina died in Vienna in 1814, a year before her husband's restoration to Naples.

Contents

1 Early life2 Queen2.1 Fall of Tanucci2.2 Acton and the military2.3 Artistic patronage and the death of Charles III2.4 End of enlightened absolutism2.5 The Sémonville affair and the First Coalition2.6 Italian campaign2.7 Escape and Creation of the Parthenopean Republic2.8 Second escape, exile and death3 Issue

Early life

Archduchess Maria Carolina holding a portrait of her father, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Born on 13 August 1752 at the Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Maria Carolina was the thirteenth and sixth surviving child of Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia and ruler of the Habsburg dominions, and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. She was a namesake of her elder sisters – Maria Carolina, who died two weeks after her first birthday, and Maria Carolina, who died several hours after being baptised, but she was known as Charlotte by her family. Her godparents were King Louis XV of France and his wife, Marie Leszczyńska.[1] Maria Carolina was the daughter who resembled her mother most. Maria Carolina formed a very close bond with her youngest sister, Marie Antoinette.[2] From very early on they shared the same governess, Countess Lerchenfeld. A testament to their closeness is the fact that when one caught an illness the other did too.[2] In August 1767 Maria Theresa separated the two girls, hitherto raised together under the auspices of Countess Marie von Brandis, because of their bad behaviour.[3] Soon after in October of the same year, Maria Carolina's sister Maria Josepha, destined to marry Ferdinand IV of Naples as part of an alliance with Spain, died during a smallpox epidemic.[4]Anxious to save the Austro-Spanish alliance Charles III of Spain, father of Ferdinand IV, requested one of Maria Josepha's sisters as a replacement.[5][6]The Empress offered the court of Madrid, negotiating on behalf of that of Naples, Maria Amalia or Maria Carolina.[7] Because Maria Amalia was five years older than his son, Charles III opted for the latter.[7] Maria Carolina reacted badly to her engagement, crying, entreating and saying that Neapolitan marriages were unlucky.[7]Her objections, however, did not delay her preparation for her new role as Queen of Naples by the Countess of Lerchenfeld.[8] Nine months later, on 7 April 1768, Maria Carolina married Ferdinand IV of Naples by proxy, her brother Ferdinand representing the bride-groom.[9]

Queen

Fall of Tanucci

The fifteen-year-old Queen of Naples journeyed at leisure from Vienna to Naples, making stops at Mantua, Bologna, Florence, and Rome on the way.[10][11][12] She entered the Kingdom of Naples on 12 May 1768, disembarking at Terracina, where she took leave of her native attendants.[11]From Terracina, she and her remaining suite, comprising her brother, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain, ventured to Poztella, where she met her husband, whom she found "very ugly".[13] To the Countess of Lerchenfeld, she wrote, "I love him only out of duty..."[13] Ferdinand, was not taken with her either, declaring, after their first night together, "She sleeps like the dead and sweats like a pig."[14]

Maria Carolina's dislike of her husband, however, did not get in the way of her bearing children, as her most important wifely duty was to perpetuate the dynasty. In total, Maria Carolina bore Ferdinand eighteen children, of whom seven survived into adulthood including his successor, Francis I, the last Holy Roman Empress, a Grand Duchess of Tuscany, the last Queen of the Frenchand a Princess of Asturias.

Marquis Bernardo Tanucci, de factoruler of Naples and Sicily from 1759 until 1776.

Ferdinand, having received a lacklustre education from the Prince of San Nicandro, lacked the ability to rule, relying completely on his father Charles III of Spain's[note 1] counsel, communicated by Bernardo Tanucci.[16]Pursuant to Empress Maria Theresa's instructions, Maria Carolina gained Ferdinand's trust by feigning interest in his favourite activity—hunting.[17] With it, she obtained a back door to the administration of the state, to be fully realised only by the birth of an heir in 1775, and her consequent admission to the Privy Council.[17][18] Until then, Maria Carolina presided over the rejuvenation of Neapolitan court life, largely neglected since the advent of her husband's regency.[19] Academics Gaetano Filangieri, Domenico Cirillo, and Giuseppe Maria Galanti frequented her salon, among others.[20]

Tanucci's fall from grace came about over an argument with Maria Carolina regarding Freemasonry, of which she was an adherent.[17] Acting on orders from Charles III, Tanucci revived a law from 1751 banning Freemasonry in response to the discovery of a Masonic lodge among the royal regiment.[17]Angered, the Queen expressed to Charles III her opinion that Tanucci was ruining the country through the medium of a letter written by her husband, thus making it look as if it was his idea.[21]Resigned to the Queen's wishes, Ferdinand dismissed Tanucci in October 1776, causing a rift with his father.[22] The appointment of Tanucci's successor, the Marquis of Sambuca, Maria Carolina's powerless puppet, represented the end of Spanish influence in Naples, hitherto virtually a province of that country.[23][24] Maria Carolina proceeded to alienate large swaths of the nobility by replacing the influence of Spain with that of Austria.[25] Her unpopularity among the nobility was increased by her attempts to curb their prerogative.[25]

Acton and the military

Sir John Acton, Maria Carolina's favourite, from a painting by Emanuele Napoli.

Without Tanucci in government, the Queen alone ruled Naples and Sicily, assisted by her French-born, English favourite, Sir John Acton, from 1778 onwards.[26] Acting on her brother the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II's advice, Maria Carolina and Acton revamped the Neapolitan navy, hitherto neglected, opening 4 marine colleges and commissioning 150 ships of various sizes.[26][27] The merchant navy, too, was augmented by trade pacts with Russia and Genoa.[27] Charles III, having declared war on Great Britain in alliance with the United States, was angered by Acton's appointment to the Ministry of War and of Marine because he felt his Spanish candidate, Don Antonio Otero, was more worthy of such a high government post by virtue of the fact he wasn't English.[28] Maria Carolina once again replied using a letter written by the King, expounding to Charles III that Acton, the son of a French woman, was not English and that he was appointed before Spanish hostilities with Britain broke out.[28] Charles's attacks against Acton only served to endear the latter more to the Queen, who proceeded to appoint him Field-Marshal.[28] Acton's reforms were not restricted to the expansion of the navy; at the same time, he cut the expenditure of his department by 500,000 ducats and invited foreign drill-sergeants and officers to fill vacancies in the army.[27][29] Acton and Maria Carolina were seen to have become so close by 1782 that, according to the Sardinian ambassador in Naples, people falsely believed they were lovers.[30] That the rumour was untrue was not known to the King, who tried several times to "surprise you together" and threatened to kill them both in a rage.[31] In response, Maria Carolina set spies on her husband, but a reconciliation was soon achieved.[31] As part of this rapprochement, Acton went to live in Castellamare, but returned to Naples three times a week to see the Queen.[31]

Artistic patronage and the death of Charles III

The Royal Family of Naples by Angelica Kauffman. This portrait represents a break with typical depictions of the Bourbons, incorporating an Arcadian landscape and simple poses.[32]

Maria Carolina patronised German-Swiss artists, foremostly Angelica Kauffman, who famously painted the Queen's family in an informal garden setting in 1783, and gave her daughters lessons in drawing.[33] Maria Carolina showered Kauffman with gifts, but she preferred the artistic circles in Rome to Naples.[34] The Queen's patronage was not restricted to portrait painters: she allotted landscape painter Jacob Philipp Hackert a wing of the palace at Francavilla.[34] Like Kauffman, he gave lessons to the Queen's children and enjoyed her confidence.[35] On recommendation from Hackert, the King and Queen restored the statues of Palazzo Farnese and brought them to Naples.[36] In 1784, the Queen established the philanthropic San Leucio colony, a village with its own unique laws and customs whose sole object it was to weave silk.[37] She also commissioned ornamental snuff boxes and jewellery from goldsmiths.[38]

In 1788, with the death of King Charles III, Neapolitan-Spanish relations improved.[39] The new King, Charles IV, was eager to be on good terms with his brother, the King of Naples, sending the Spanish fleet to salute to him.[40] To consolidate their reconciliation, Charles IV proposed that his daughter marry the King and Queen's eldest son, the Duke of Calabria.[40] While the King supported the match, Maria Carolina shunned it.[40]Like her mother, she had carefully chosen the prospective husbands and wives of her children, matches that were to cement political alliances of her choosing.[41] The death of the Queen's nephew Crown Prince Francis of Austria's wife, Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg, afforded her an opportunity to fulfil her marital ambitions.[42] Her daughters Maria Theresa and Luisa married Crown Prince Francis and Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, respectively, during the Neapolitan royal family's visit to Vienna in 1790.[43]

End of enlightened absolutism

Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, here depicted by Jean-Baptiste Gautier Dagoty, was Maria Carolina's favourite sister. It was as a response to her treatment by the French that Maria Carolina allied Naples with Britain during the French Revolutionary Wars.[44]

Maria Carolina was anxious to improve Neapolitan-Papal relations, which had deteriorated owing to arguments with Pope Pius VI over ecclesiastical laws and the investiture and choice of bishops.[45] Consequently, Naples had stopped paying its annual tribute of 7,000 ducats.[note 2][45] Therefore, Maria Carolina arranged a meeting with the Pope.[45] To emphasise their desire to see him, the King and Queen arrived in Rome, en route to Naples from Vienna, earlier than expected, where they were greeted by Pius VI in a private audience.[46] The Pope agreed to cede to the King the right of appointing bishops to vacant sees.[46] Thus, because the King and Queen had not made any concessions in return, the prestige of Naples was augmented.[47]On leaving, Maria Carolina was presented with the Golden Rose, a great mark of Papal favour.[47]

The return from Vienna marked a new epoch in the politics of Naples.[48]Alarmed by developments in France, especially in regards to her favourite sister, Marie Antoinette,[note 3] Maria Carolina ended her experiment in enlightened absolutism and started on a reactionary course.[50] She rejected the French Revolution and was determined to prevent its ideology gaining prevalence in Naples.[51] She did this by sub-dividing Naples into twelve police wards, controlled by government-appointed commissioners, replacing the popularly elected alderman system.[52]The effectiveness of the wards was increased by the creation of a secret police force, which had in its pay spies of every class.[52] It was through her secret police that Maria Carolina learned of her substantial decline in popularity among all classes of society.[53]

In an attempt to please Great Britain, with a military alliance in mind, the Queen deigned to meet the wife of the English ambassador, Emma Hamilton, in audience, despite the fact that the British Queen, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, had not yet received her.[note 4][54] However, they soon struck up a friendship, Emma singing duets with the King and dining privately with the royal family.[55] The Queen, whom Emma thought "most excellent and strictly good and upright", was drawn closer to Emma by her willingness to betray Britain's diplomatic secrets.[55]

The Sémonville affair and the First Coalition

Maria Carolina, as she appeared in 1791, in a painting by Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun. The resemblance with her sister Marie Antoinette is obvious.

King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette were arrested on 10 August 1792.[56] Hence, the Neapolitan government refused to recognise French diplomatist Baron Armand de Mackau's recently arrived legation.[56]Queen Maria Carolina was so horrified at what had happened at the Tuileriesthat day that she almost broke off relations with France altogether.[57] The King and Queen's procrastination regarding Mackau's requests to be recognised as a representative of the French Republic[note 5] caused tension with that country.[59] John Acton, now Prime Minister of Naples, allayed Maria Carolina's fervent desire to go to war with France and tried to placate Mackau until he could rely on British military support.[59] His plan, however, backfired when the French government intercepted a letter detailing how he sabotaged the diplomatic mission of Huguet de Sémonville to the Ottoman Empire.[60] When France started making preparations for war in November to avenge this insult, the King and Queen finally capitulated and begrudgingly recognized Mackau and the Republic.[60] However, the national assembly had already sent 9 ships under Admiral Latouche Tréville to seek redress, which arrived on 17 December in Naples.[61] La Touche stipulated that, if Acton did not apologise to him in person for the Sémonville affair, he would bombard and lay waste to Naples within an hour.[61] The Queen's decision to accede to La Touche's demands earned her the criticism of some Neapolitan historians, like General Colletta, who overlook the fact that Naples was unable to mount a defence at the time as the navy was not mobilised.[61]

Maria Carolina's preventatives against Jacobinism were rendered useless in the face of the subversive actives of La Touche's fleet, which was obliged to return to Naples shortly after leaving by a storm.[62] The French sailors, "republican agents", were allowed to land on this occasion, inculcating their anti-monarchical sentiments in the Neapolitans.[62] Upon La Touche's departure, on 29 January 1793, Maria Carolina launched an ineffective offensive against Neapolitan radicals, allowing the most dangerous schemers to escape justice.[63] Why the offensive failed can be explained by the fact that her chief of police, Luigi de' Medici, was secretly a radical himself.[63]Concurrently, Maria Carolina arranged a treaty of alliance with Great Britain, on whom France had latterly declared war.[64] By this treaty, Naples was to contribute four men-of-war, four frigates and four smaller ships, along with six thousand soldiers, to protect commerce in the Mediterranean.[64] In August 1793, following the Siege of Toulon, Naples joined the First Coalition, comprising Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal and Savoy-Sardinia, against France.[65][66]

Italian campaign

The effigies of Maria Carolina and her husband on a 1791 Neapolitan piastra.

The execution of Marie Antoinette in October 1793 breathed a new lease of life into the Queen's counter-revolution.[67] Maria Carolina was so horrified by that event that she refused to speak French, "that monstrous language", and banned the "inflammatory" philosophical works of Galanti and Filangeri, who had hitherto enjoyed the Queen's patronage.[68] In 1794, following the discovery of a Jacobin plot to overthrow the government, Maria Carolina ordered Medici to suppress the Freemasons, of which she was once an adherent, believing they were partaking in treasonable activities with the French.[67] The army was kept perpetually mobilised in case of sudden attack, occasioning a huge increase in taxation.[69] Fearing for the safety of her family, Maria Carolina employed food-testers and switched the royal families' apartments on a daily basis.[70] What compelled Maria Carolina to do this was the general terror reigning throughout the city, in which "nobody was safe".[70]

The cessation of Franco-Spanish hostilities in the summer of 1795 gave Napoleon Bonaparte, a Corsican general in the French army, the opportunity to focus on France's Italian Campaign.[71] Bonaparte's successes in Northern Italy[note 6] compelled Maria Carolina to sue for peace, under which Naples had to pay to France a war indemnity of 8 million francs.[73]However, neither country intended to observe this treaty in the long-term.[73]The marriage of her eldest son, the Duke of Calabria, to Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria in 1797 offered Maria Carolina a brief respite from the affairs of war, which had taken a toll on her health.[74] Maria Carolina entered a secret defensive alliance with Austria on 20 May 1798, in response to France's occupation of the Papal States, which shared a border with Naples.[75] After the British victory at the Battle of the Nile, the Queen decided to join the Second Coalition against France;[76]Austria sent General Mack to take command.[76] War council meetings, comprising the Queen, the King, Mack, Sir William Hamilton, the English ambassador, and Admiral Nelson, the victor of the Nile, were held in the Palace of Caserta.[76] They decided to invade the Roman Republic,[note 7] a French puppet state.[78]

Escape and Creation of the Parthenopean Republic

When the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily joined the Second Coalition, Napoleon found a reason to act. The French General Jean Étienne Championnetsucceeded rapidly, and in January 1799 he occupied Naples and forced the royal family to escape to Sicily. In the Sicilian exile Maria Carolina continued his politics towards Naples.

Flag of the Parthenopean Republic.

On 24 January 1799, the Parthenopean Republic was proclaimed in Naples by the French troops led by General Championnet. The chosen name (after Parthenope, an ancient Greek colony which existed on the site of the future city of Naples) was an attempt by the French to obtain the support of the Neapolitan people. During the republican period, a government was installed with Ercole D'Agnese as elected President, press freedom was proclaimed, and future reforms were prepared. However, after only 6 months, the young republic ended when the Sanfedisti, the army led by Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo, attacked and invaded Naples (21 June 1799). The collapse of the republic was largely due to the English fleet, which had supplied the royal army with weapons. Again, it was Admiral Nelson who successfully defeated the French in the middle of 1799 from Naples and Sicily securing the throne for the Royal couple.

In June 1800, Maria Carolina traveled with her three unmarried daughters, her younger son Leopoldo, and accompanied by William and Emma Hamilton and Nelson over Livorno, Florence, Trieste and Laibach to Vienna, where she arrived two months later. Maria Carolina stayed two years in her homeland, where she arranged advantageous marriages for her children. In the family circle, she spent most time with her favorite grandchild, Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria, who later became the wife of her arch-enemy Napoleon.

Second escape, exile and death

Coat of arms of Maria Carolina as queen of Naples and Sicily

After her stay in Vienna, Maria Carolina returned to Naples on 17 August 1802. It is said that Napoleon claimed that the Queen was the only man in the Kingdom of Naples.[79] The European states were concerned by Napoleon's growing power, which reached its peak with his Imperial coronation on 18 May 1804. By 1805 Italy was again the center of interest of the new Emperor, whose crown bore the inscription Rex totius Italiae. From then on, events came quickly and Maria Carolina was surprised by the news of the defeat of Austria in the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805).

Napoleon then did not hesitate to conquer Naples and installed first his brother Joseph Bonaparte, and four years later his brother-in-law Joachim Murat, on the throne of Naples. The royal family was forced to flee to Sicily in February 1806. In their exile, the refugees relied on the help of Great Britain, but after the death of Admiral Nelson in the Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805), the British developed more and more aversion to Maria Carolina. Finally in 1813, her husband essentially (but not officially) abdicated and appointed their son Francis regent. This deprived her of any political influence, and the Queen was forced to leave Sicily and return to Vienna.

During her trip, she received the news of Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig on 19 October 1813. After a long journey through Constantinople, Odessa, Lviv, and Budapest, Maria Carolina finally arrived in Vienna in January 1814, where she began negotiations with Prince Metternich and her nephew, Emperor Francis I of Austria, for the restoration of her husband and herself to the Neapolitan throne. However, this never happened: Maria Carolina died on 8 September as a consequence of a stroke, without seeing the final defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of her husband by the Congress of Vienna. Her maid found the Queen lying dead on the floor among scattered letters.

Maria Carolina was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna. Her parents and most of her siblings are also buried there.

Children of Maria Carolina of Austria by Ferdinand IV of Naples

Name

Picture

Birth

Death

Notes

Maria Teresa Carolina Giuseppina

Royal Palace of Naples, 6 June 1772

Hofburg Imperial Palace, 13 April 1807

Named after her maternal grand mother Maria Theresa of Austria, she married her first cousin Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1790; had issue, among them Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, the Archduke Franz Karl of Austria and Marie Louise, Empress of the French and Queen of Italy.

Maria Luisa Amelia Teresa

Royal Palace of Naples, 27 July 1773

Hofburg Imperial Palace, 19 September 1802

Married her first cousin Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscanyand had issue.

Carlo Tito Francesco Giuseppe

Caserta Palace, 6 January 1775

Caserta Palace, 17 December 1778

Died of smallpox.

Maria Anna Giuseppa Antonietta Francesca Gaetana Teresa

Royal Palace of Naples, 23 November 1775

Royal Palace of Naples, 22 February 1780

Died of smallpox.

Francesco Gennaro Giuseppe Saverio Giovanni Battista

Naples, 14 August 1777

Naples, 8 November 1830

Married his cousin Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austriain 1797 and had issue; married another cousin Infanta Maria Isabella of Spain in 1802 and had issue; was King of the Two Sicilies from 1825 to 1830.

Maria Cristina Teresa

Caserta Palace, 17 January 1779

Savona, 11 March 1849

Married Charles Felix of Sardinia in 1807; had no issue; it was she who ordered the excavations of Tusculum.

Gennaro Carlo Francesco

Royal Palace of Naples, 12 April 1780

Caserta Palace, 2 January 1789

Died of smallpox.

Giuseppe Carlo Gennaro

Royal Palace of Naples, 18 June 1781

Caserta Palace, 19 February 1783

Died of smallpox.

Maria Amelia Teresa

Caserta Palace, 26 April 1782

Claremont House, 24 March 1866

Married Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans in 1809 and had issue; Queen of the French 1830–1848; died in exile in England.

Daughter

Caserta Palace, 19 July 1783

Caserta Palace, 19 July 1783

Stillborn.

Maria AntoniettaTeresa Amelia Giovanna Battista Francesca Gaetana Maria Anna Lucia

Caserta Palace, 14 December 1784

Royal Palace of Aranjuez, 21 May 1806

Married her cousin Infante Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias; died from tuberculosis; had no issue.

Maria Clotilde Teresa Amelia Antonietta Giovanna Battista Anna Gaetana Polcheria

Caserta Palace, 18 February 1786

Caserta Palace, 10 September 1792

Died of smallpox.

Maria EnrichetaCarmela

Royal Palace of Naples, 31 July 1787

Caserta Palace, 20 September 1792

Died of smallpox.

Carlo Gennaro

Naples, 26 August 1788

Caserta Palace, 1 February 1789

Died of smallpox.

Leopoldo Giovanni Giuseppe Michele of Naples

Naples, 2 July 1790

Naples, 10 March 1851

Married his niece Archduchess Clementina of Austria and had issue.

Alberto Lodovico Maria Filipo Gaetano

Royal Palace of Naples, 2 May 1792

Died on board HMS Vanguard, 25 December 1798

Died in childhood (died of exhaustion on board HMS Vanguard).

Maria Isabella

Naples, 2 December 1793

Naples, 23 April 1801

Died in childhood.

奥地利的玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳

安东·拉斐尔·门格斯的肖像，1768年

那不勒斯和西西里女王配偶

任期

1768年5月12日至1814年9月8日[a]

出生

1752年8月13日

附件öNBRUN宫殿，维也纳，奥地利，神圣罗马帝国

死亡

1814年9月8日（62岁）

奥地利维也纳赫岑多夫宫

埋葬

维也纳皇家墓穴

配偶

西西里三世那不勒斯的费迪南德四世

子女

更多。。。

奥地利皇后玛丽亚·特蕾莎

路易莎·玛丽亚，托斯卡纳大公爵夫人

卡洛王子，卡拉布里亚公爵

玛丽亚·安娜公主

弗朗西斯一世，两个西西里人的国王

玛丽亚·克里斯蒂娜，撒丁岛女王

耿纳罗王子

朱塞佩王子

玛丽亚·阿玛莉亚，法国王后

玛丽亚·安东尼娅，阿斯图里亚斯公主

玛丽亚·克鲁蒂尔德公主

玛丽亚·恩里切塔公主

利奥波德，萨勒诺王子

阿尔伯托王子

玛丽亚·伊莎贝拉公主

姓名

玛丽亚卡罗莱纳·路易斯·乔瑟法·约翰娜·安东妮娅

房子

哈布斯堡-洛林

父亲

弗朗西斯一世，神圣罗马皇帝

母亲

玛丽亚·特里莎，神圣罗马皇后，匈牙利和波希米亚女王

宗教

罗马天主教

奥地利的玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳；1752年8月13日至1814年9月8日）是那不勒斯和西西里王后，费迪南四世国王的妻子。作为她丈夫王国的事实统治者，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳监督了许多改革的颁布，包括取消禁止共济会、扩大海军，在她最爱的约翰·阿克顿爵士的领导下，以及西班牙影响力的驱逐。她一直是开明专制主义的支持者，直到法国大革命来临，当时，为了防止其思想蔓延，她把那不勒斯变成了一个警察国家。

她生而为奥地利女大公，是玛丽亚·特雷莎皇后和弗朗西斯一世皇帝的第十三个孩子，她嫁给费迪南德，作为奥地利与西班牙联盟的一部分，在西班牙，费迪南德的父亲是国王。1775年，玛丽亚卡罗莱纳生育了一位男性继承人，后来进入了枢密院。此后，她一直控制着这一局面，直到1812年，她被送回维也纳。像她母亲一样，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳也为她的孩子们制造了政治上有利的婚姻。玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳将那不勒斯作为艺术中心，赞助画家雅各布·菲利普·哈克特和安吉丽卡·考夫曼以及学者加泰诺·菲兰杰里、多梅尼科·西里洛和朱塞佩·玛丽亚·加拉提。玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳，令人憎恶的是，法国人在拿破仑和法国革命战争期间如何对待女王玛丽·安托瓦内特，与英国和奥地利结盟。由于尼波利亚人入侵法国占领的罗马失败，她于1798年12月与丈夫一起逃到西西里。一个月后，宣布了帕台诺佩亚共和国，该共和国在那不勒斯废除波旁统治六个月。1806年，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳作为那不勒斯王后第二次被法国军队废黜，1814年，在丈夫恢复对那不勒斯统治之前的一年，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳在维也纳去世。

目录

1早期生活

2女王

2.1塔努奇的倒台

2.2阿克顿和军方

2.3艺术赞助人与查尔斯三世之死

2.4启蒙专制主义的终结

2.5 Sé蒙维尔事件与第一个联盟

2.6意大利运动

2.7帕台诺佩亚共和国的逃逸和创建

2.8第二次逃逸、流亡和死亡

3发行

早期生活

玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳大公爵夫人举着父亲弗朗西斯一世的肖像，神圣的罗马皇帝。

1752年8月13日出生于维也纳的NBRUN宫，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳是匈牙利女王、波希米亚女王、哈布斯堡自治区统治者玛丽亚·特雷莎和圣罗马皇帝弗朗西斯一世的第十三和第六个幸存的孩子。她和姐姐玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳同名，她在一岁生日后去世两周，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳在受洗数小时后去世，但她被家人称为夏洛特。她的教父是法国国王路易十五和他的妻子玛丽·莱斯奇ń玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳是最像她母亲的女儿。玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳与她最小的妹妹玛丽·安托瓦内特建立了非常密切的关系。从很早开始，他们就和她同一位家庭教师勒切费尔德伯爵夫人合住了。这两个女孩的亲密关系证明了一个事实，当一个人生病时，另一个也这样做了。[2]1767年8月，玛丽亚·特雷莎将两个女孩分开，这两个女孩由于行为恶劣，在玛丽·冯·布兰迪斯伯爵夫人的主持下共同抚养长大，注定要嫁给那不勒斯的费迪南四世，作为与西班牙结盟的一部分，死于天花流行。[4]为了拯救费迪南四世之父西班牙的澳西联盟查尔斯三世，要求玛丽亚·约瑟法的一个姐妹作为替代者。[5][6]皇后代表那不勒斯的名义向马德里法院提出谈判，玛丽亚·阿玛莉亚或玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳州[7]因为玛丽亚·阿玛莉亚比儿子大5岁，查尔斯三世选择了后者。[7]玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳对她的订婚反应很糟，哭着，恳求着说那不勒斯的婚姻是不吉利的。[7]然而，她的反对，莱切费尔德伯爵夫人毫不迟疑地准备好她作为那不勒斯女王的新角色。[8]9个月后，1768年4月7日，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳以代理的身份与那不勒斯的费迪南四世结婚，她的哥哥费迪南德代表新郎

王后

塔努奇的倒台

15岁的那不勒斯女王闲暇地从维也纳到那不勒斯，途中在曼图亚、博洛尼亚、佛罗伦萨和罗马停留。[10][11][12]1768年5月12日，她在特拉辛纳下车，离开了当地的随从。[11]从特拉西纳，她和她的剩余套房，她包括她的哥哥托斯卡纳大公和西班牙的妻子玛丽亚·路易莎，冒险到波兹特拉，在那里她遇见了她丈夫，她发现丈夫“非常丑陋”[13]在勒切费尔德伯爵夫人面前，她写道：“我爱他只是出于职责……”[13]费迪南德也没有被带走，在他们第一晚在一起后宣布，“她睡得像死人，像猪一样流汗。”

然而，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳对丈夫的厌恶并没有妨碍她生育孩子，因为她最重要的妻子职责是使王朝永存。总共，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳生了18个孩子，其中7个孩子幸存到成年，其中包括他的继任者弗朗西斯一世，最后一位神圣的罗马皇后，托斯卡纳的大公爵夫人，法兰西的最后一位王后，阿斯图里亚斯公主。

1759年至1776年，纳不勒斯和西西里的工厂统治者伯纳德·塔努奇侯爵。

费迪南德接受了圣尼坎多王子的教育，但由于缺乏统治能力，完全依靠其父亲查尔斯三世（注1）的顾问，伯纳多·塔努奇根据玛丽亚·特雷莎皇后的指示传达了这一点，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳通过假装对他最喜欢的狩猎活动的兴趣而获得了费迪南德的信任。[17]她获得了州政府的后门，只有1775年一个继承人出生，随后她才进入枢密院，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳主持了那不勒斯宫廷生活的复兴，自从她丈夫的摄政出现以来，人们基本上被忽视了。[19]学者加泰诺·菲兰杰里、多梅尼科·西里洛和朱塞佩·玛丽亚·加拉提等经常光顾她的沙龙

塔努奇从恩典中堕落，是因为她与玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳州就共济会的问题争论而来，而她是一名信徒。[17]根据查尔斯三世的命令行事，塔努奇从1751年起重新启动了一项法律，禁止在皇家团中发现共济会的小屋。[17]激怒了，女王向查尔斯三世表达了她的观点，认为塔努奇是通过丈夫写的一封信来毁灭国家，因此，这使它看起来像是他的想法。[21]顺从王后的意愿，费迪南德于1776年10月将塔努奇解职，与父亲发生了裂痕。[22]任命塔努奇的继任者，桑布卡侯爵，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳的无能傀儡，代表了西班牙在那不勒斯影响力的终结，迄今为止，几乎是该国的一个省。[23][24]玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳通过将西班牙的影响取代奥地利，从而疏远了大批贵族。[25]她在贵族中的不受欢迎的程度因她试图遏制他们的特权而增加

阿克顿和军方

约翰·阿克顿爵士，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳的最爱，来自伊曼纽尔·那不勒斯的一幅画。

没有塔努奇在政府的支持下，王后独自统治那不勒斯和西西里，从1778年起，在她出生的法国、英国人最喜爱的约翰·阿克顿爵士的帮助下，按照作为神圣罗马皇帝的兄弟约瑟夫二世的建议，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳和阿克顿对至今被忽视的那不勒斯海军进行了改造，开设4所海洋学院，调试150艘不同尺寸的舰艇。[26][27]商船也因与俄罗斯和热那亚签订贸易协定而得到加强。[27]查尔斯三世，与美国结盟向大不列颠宣战，阿克顿被任命为战争和海军部感到愤怒，因为他觉得他的西班牙候选人唐·安东尼奥·奥特罗更值得担任这样一个高级别的政府职务，因为他不是英国人。[28]玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳再次用国王写的信回复，向查尔斯三世阐明了阿克顿，法国妇女的儿子不是英国人，在西班牙与英国爆发敌对行动之前，他作为英国人被任命。[查尔斯对阿克顿的攻击只使后者更受女王的喜爱，王后随后任命他为野战元帅。[28]阿克顿的改革不限于海军的扩张；与此同时，他将他的部门开支削减50万，并邀请外国军士和军官填补军队空缺。[27][29]阿克顿和玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳被认为到1782年已经非常接近，据撒丁驻那不勒斯大使说，人们误以为自己是情人。[30]国王不知道谣言是不真实的，国王曾多次试图“让你们一起惊喜”，并威胁要在愤怒中杀死他们两人。[31]对此，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳对丈夫进行监视，但很快就达成和解。[31]作为这一和解的一部分，阿克顿去卡斯特拉马住了，但每周三次回到那不勒斯去拜访王后

艺术赞助人与查尔斯三世之死

安吉丽卡·考夫曼的那不勒斯王室。这幅肖像代表了一个突破，典型的波旁画，结合了拱廊景观和简单的姿势

玛丽亚卡罗莱纳赞助了德国瑞士艺术家，领班安吉丽卡·考夫曼，1783年，她在一个非正式的花园里画王后的家庭，并给女儿们上绘画课。[33]玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳向考夫曼赠送礼物，但她更喜欢罗马的艺术圈而不是那不勒斯。[王后的赞助人不限于肖像画家：她分配了风景画家雅各布·菲利普·哈克特在弗朗卡维拉的宫殿的一个翅膀。[34]像考夫曼一样，他给女王的孩子们上课，并享受她的自信。[35]在哈克特的推荐下，国王和王后修复了法尔内塞宫的雕像，并将它们带到那不勒斯。[36]1784年，王后建立了慈善好施的圣莱西奥殖民地，这个村庄有着自己独特的法律和习俗，其唯一目的是织丝绸。[37]她还委托金匠制作装饰性鼻烟盒和珠宝。[38]

1788年，随着国王查理三世的去世，那不勒斯与西班牙的关系得到改善。[39]新国王查理四世渴望与他的兄弟那不勒斯国王和睦相处，派遣西班牙舰队向他致敬。[40]为了巩固他们的和解，查理四世提议他的女儿嫁给国王和王后的长子，卡拉布里亚公爵。[40]虽然国王支持这场婚事，但玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳却回避了这场婚事。[40]像她的母亲一样，她精心挑选了孩子们的未来丈夫和妻子，这场比赛是为了巩固她所选择的政治联盟。[41]王后的侄子、奥地利王储弗朗西斯的妻子符腾堡的伊丽莎白大公夫人去世。在1790年那不勒斯王室访问维也纳期间，她的女儿玛丽亚·特雷莎和路易莎分别与王储弗朗西斯和托斯卡纳大公费迪南德三世结婚

开明专制主义的终结

玛丽·安托瓦内特，法国王后，在这里由让·巴蒂斯特·高蒂埃·达戈蒂描绘，是玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳最喜欢的妹妹。在法国独立战争期间，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳正是为了回应法国人对她的对待，才将那不勒斯与英国结盟

玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳急于改善那不勒斯与教皇的关系，这种关系由于与教皇庇护六世就教会法律、主教的任命和选择等问题发生争执而恶化。[45]因此，那不勒斯停止每年向7000杜卡特进贡。[注2][45]因此，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳安排了一次与教皇的会面。[45]为了强调他们想见教皇的愿望，国王和王后在从维也纳前往那不勒斯的途中提前抵达罗马，在那里他们受到了庇护六世的私下欢迎。[46]教皇同意将任命主教的权利让给国王。[46]因此，因为国王和王后没有做出任何让步，那不勒斯的威望得到了提高。[47]在离开时，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳被赠送了金玫瑰，这是教皇的恩宠的一大标志。[47]

从维也纳回来标志着那不勒斯政治的一个新纪元。[48]对法国的事态发展感到震惊，特别是她最喜欢的妹妹玛丽·安托瓦内特，[注3]玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳结束了开明专制主义的实验，开始了反动路线。[50]她拒绝法国大革命，决心阻止其意识形态在那不勒斯盛行。[51]她将那不勒斯划分为12个警察区，由政府任命的专员控制，取而代之的是民选议员制度。[52]通过建立一支秘密警察部队，提高了选区的效力，这支部队的工资中有各个阶层的间谍。[52]玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳正是通过她的秘密警察得知她在社会各阶层中的受欢迎程度大幅下降。[53]

为了取悦英国，考虑到一个军事联盟，王后屈尊与英国大使艾玛·汉密尔顿的妻子在观众席上见面，尽管事实上，英国王后，梅克伦堡的夏洛特·斯特里茨还没有接待她。[注4][54]然而，他们很快就建立了友谊，爱玛与国王合唱二重唱，并与王室成员私下用餐。[55]爱玛认为女王是“最优秀、最正直的人”，她愿意泄露英国的外交秘密，这拉近了与爱玛的距离。[55]

Sé蒙维尔事件与第一次反法同盟

玛丽亚·卡罗来纳于1791年出现在Élisabeth-LouiseVigée-LeBrun的画中。与她的妹妹玛丽·安托瓦内特的相似之处显而易见。

1792年8月10日，法国国王路易十六和王后玛丽·安托瓦内特被捕，那不勒斯政府拒绝承认法国外交官阿尔芒·德·马考男爵最近抵达的公使馆。[56]王后玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳对当天在杜伊勒发生的事情感到非常震惊，几乎完全断绝了与法国的关系。[57]国王和王后对马考的请求拖延了时间被公认为法兰西共和国的代表[注5]引起了与该国的紧张关系。[59]现任那不勒斯首相约翰·阿克顿缓和了玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳与法国开战的强烈愿望，并试图安抚马考，直到他能够依赖英国的军事支持。[59]然而，他的计划，事与愿违的是，法国政府截获了一封信，信中详细描述了他是如何破坏胡格特·德·S的外交使团的é当法国在11月开始为这一侮辱进行战争准备时，国王和王后终于投降了，并勉强承认了马考和共和国。[60]然而，国民议会已经派出了9艘舰艇在拉图什上将的领导下于12月17日抵达那不勒斯的拉图什规定，如果阿克顿没有亲自为这次事件向他道歉é在蒙维尔事件中，他会在一个小时内轰炸那不勒斯，并将其夷为平地。[61]女王决定同意拉图奇的要求，这使她受到了一些那不勒斯历史学家的批评，比如科莱塔将军，他们忽视了一个事实，即那不勒斯当时由于海军没有动员起来而无法进行防御。[61]

玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳对雅各宾主义的防范措施在面对拉图什舰队的颠覆活动时变得毫无用处，该舰队在暴风雨后不久被迫返回那不勒斯。[62]法国水手，“共和国特工”获准在此登陆，1793年1月29日，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳在拉图切离开后，对那不勒斯的激进分子发动了一场无效的攻势，让最危险的阴谋家逃脱了法律制裁。[63]攻势失败的原因可以解释为她的警察局长，路易吉·德·美第奇本人也是一个激进派。[63]与此同时，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳与英国签订了一项同盟条约，法国最近向英国宣战。[64]根据该条约，那不勒斯将派遣四名士兵、四艘护卫舰和四艘小型舰艇，以及六千名士兵，为了保护地中海的商业。[64]1793年8月，在土伦被围困之后，那不勒斯加入了第一个联盟，由英国、俄罗斯、奥地利、普鲁士、西班牙、葡萄牙和萨伏伊撒丁岛组成，对抗法国。[65][66]

意大利战役

1791年那不勒斯广场上玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳和她丈夫的肖像。

1793年10月，玛丽·安托瓦内特被处死，为王后的反革命注入了新的活力。[67]玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳对这一事件感到震惊，她拒绝说法语，“这是一种可怕的语言”，并禁止了加兰蒂和菲兰格里的“煽动性”哲学著作，1794年，在发现雅各宾阴谋推翻政府之后，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳命令美第奇镇压共济会，她曾经是共济会的信徒，由于相信他们与法国人一起参与了叛国活动，军队被不断地动员起来，以防突然袭击，从而导致税收的大幅增加，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳雇佣了食品检测员，并每天更换王室的住所。[70]迫使玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳这么做的原因是，整个城市普遍存在着“谁都不安全”的恐怖气氛

1795年夏天，法国和西班牙停止敌对行动，使法国军队中的科西嘉将军拿破仑·波拿巴有机会专注于法国在意大利的战役。[71]波拿巴在意大利北部取得的成功[注6]迫使玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳诉求和平，根据这项条约，那不勒斯必须向法国支付800万法郎的战争赔偿金。[73]然而，两个国家都不打算长期遵守这项条约。[73]1797年，她的长子卡拉布里亚公爵与奥地利女大公玛丽亚·克莱门蒂娜结婚，使玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳暂时摆脱了战争，1798年5月20日，为了应对法国占领与那不勒斯接壤的教皇国，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳与奥地利结成了一个秘密的防御联盟。在尼罗河战役中，英国获胜后，王后决定加入第二次反对法国的联盟[76]奥地利派麦克将军指挥。[76]战争委员会会议在卡塞塔宫举行，包括女王、国王、麦克、英国大使威廉·汉密尔顿爵士和尼罗河胜利者纳尔逊上将。[76]他们决定入侵罗马共和国，[注7]一个法国傀儡国。[78]

帕台诺佩亚共和国的逃离与创造

当那不勒斯和西西里王国加入第二个联盟时，拿破仑找到了采取行动的理由。法国将军让É蒂安·尚皮奥尼特（tienne Championnets）迅速取得了成功，1799年1月，他占领了那不勒斯，迫使王室逃到了西西里岛。在西西里流亡期间，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳继续他的政治生涯，操控那不勒斯。

帕台诺佩亚共和国的旗帜。

1799年1月24日，由Championnet将军率领的法国军队在那不勒斯宣布了帕台诺佩亚共和国。选定的名称（以帕台农神庙命名，帕台农神庙是古希腊的殖民地，存在于未来的那不勒斯市遗址上）是法国人试图获得那不勒斯人民的支持。在共和时期，成立了一个由埃科利·达格涅斯（Ercole D'Agnese）担任当选总统的政府，宣布了新闻自由，并准备了未来的改革。然而，仅仅6个月后，由红衣主教法布里齐奥·鲁福率领的三藩军进攻并入侵那不勒斯（1799年6月21日），这个年轻的共和国就结束了。共和国的崩溃主要是由于英国舰队向皇家军队提供了武器。同样，纳尔逊上将在1799年从那不勒斯和西西里成功击败了法国人，为这对皇室夫妇保住了王位。

1800年6月，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳带着她的三个未婚女儿，她的小儿子利奥波多，在威廉、艾玛·汉密尔顿和纳尔逊的陪同下，经过利沃诺、佛罗伦萨、的里雅斯特和莱巴赫，来到维也纳，两个月后抵达维也纳。玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳在她的祖国呆了两年，为她的孩子们安排了有利的婚姻。在家庭圈子里，她大部分时间都和她最喜欢的孙女、奥地利大公爵夫人玛丽·路易斯在一起，后者后来成为她的死敌拿破仑的妻子。

第二次逃亡，流放和死亡

玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳作为那不勒斯和西西里王后的盾徽

玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳在维也纳逗留后，于1802年8月17日返回那不勒斯。据说拿破仑声称王后是那不勒斯王国唯一的男人。[79]欧洲各国对拿破仑日益强大的力量感到担忧，1804年5月18日，意大利在加冕礼上达到顶峰。到1805年，意大利再次成为新皇帝的兴趣中心，新皇帝的王冠上刻着“雷克斯·托提乌斯·意大利”的铭文。从那时起，事态发展迅速，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳对奥地利在奥斯特里茨战役（1805年12月2日）中战败的消息感到惊讶。

拿破仑毫不犹豫地征服了那不勒斯，首先是他的弟弟约瑟夫·波拿巴，四年后他的妹夫约阿希姆·缪拉登上了那不勒斯的王位。1806年2月，王室被迫逃到西西里岛。在流亡期间，难民们依靠英国的帮助，但纳尔逊上将在特拉法加战役（1805年10月21日）中去世后，英国人对玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳越来越反感。最后在1813年，她的丈夫基本上（但不是正式）退位并任命他们的儿子弗朗西斯摄政。这使她失去了任何政治影响力，王后被迫离开西西里岛返回维也纳。

在旅途中，她得到了拿破仑在1813年10月19日莱比锡战役中战败的消息。经过漫长的旅程，经过君士坦丁堡、敖德萨、利沃夫和布达佩斯，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳终于在1814年1月抵达维也纳，开始与梅特涅王子和她的侄子奥地利皇帝弗朗西斯一世谈判，为了她丈夫和她自己恢复那不勒斯王位。然而，这从未发生过：9月8日，玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳因中风去世，却没有看到拿破仑的最终失败，也没有看到她的丈夫在维也纳国会复辟。她的女仆发现王后躺在地上散落的信件中死去。

玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳被埋在维也纳的皇家墓穴里。她的父母和大多数兄弟姐妹也葬在那里。

那不勒斯费迪南德四世《奥地利玛丽亚·卡罗莱纳的孩子》

姓名

图片

出生

死亡

笔记

玛丽亚·特雷莎·卡罗莱纳·朱塞皮娜

那不勒斯皇宫，1772年6月6日

霍夫堡皇宫，1807年4月13日

她以奥地利的外祖母玛丽亚·特雷莎的名字命名，1790年嫁给了她的表兄弗朗西斯二世，神圣罗马帝国的皇帝；有后代，其中包括奥地利皇帝费迪南德一世，奥地利大公弗兰兹·卡尔和玛丽·路易丝，法国皇后和意大利王后。

玛丽亚·路易莎·阿米莉亚·特雷莎

那不勒斯皇宫，1773年7月27日

霍夫堡皇宫，1802年9月19日

嫁给了她的表兄费迪南德三世，托斯卡纳大公，并有后代。

卡洛·蒂托·弗朗西斯科·朱塞佩

卡塞塔宫，1775年1月6日

卡塞塔宫，1778年12月17日

死于天花。

玛丽亚·安娜·朱塞帕·安东妮塔·弗朗西斯卡·盖塔娜·特蕾莎

那不勒斯皇宫，1775年11月23日

那不勒斯皇宫，1780年2月22日

死于天花。

弗朗西斯科·根纳罗·朱塞佩·萨维里奥·乔瓦尼·巴蒂斯塔

那不勒斯，1777年8月14日

那不勒斯，1830年11月8日

1797年与表姐、奥地利女大公玛丽亚·克莱门蒂娜结婚，并有后代；1802年与西班牙的另一位表妹英法塔·玛丽亚·伊莎贝拉结婚，并有了后代；1825年至1830年是两西西里的国王。

玛丽亚·克里斯蒂娜·特蕾莎

卡塞塔宫，1779年1月17日

萨沃纳，1849年3月11日

1807年与撒丁岛的查尔斯·费利克斯结婚；没有后代；是她下令挖掘塔斯库伦。

杰纳罗·卡洛·弗朗西斯科

那不勒斯皇宫，1780年4月12日

卡塞塔宫，1789年1月2日

死于天花。

朱塞佩·卡洛·根纳罗

那不勒斯皇宫，1781年6月18日

卡塞塔宫，1783年2月19日

死于天花。

玛丽亚阿米莉亚特蕾莎

卡塞塔宫，1782年4月26日

克莱蒙特大厦，1866年3月24日

1809年与奥尔良公爵路易·菲利普·奥尔良结婚，并有后代。法国女王1830–1848年；；在英国流亡时去世。

女儿

卡塞塔宫，1783年7月19日

卡塞塔宫，1783年7月19日

死胎。

玛丽亚·安东尼泰雷萨·阿梅利亚·乔瓦娜·巴蒂斯塔·弗朗西斯卡·盖塔纳·玛丽亚·安娜·卢西亚

卡塞塔宫，1784年12月14日

1806年5月21日，阿兰朱埃斯皇宫

嫁给了她的堂兄，阿斯图里亚斯王子因凡特·费迪南德；死于肺结核；没有后代。

玛丽亚·克鲁蒂尔德·特蕾莎·阿米莉亚·安东妮塔·乔瓦娜·巴蒂斯塔·安娜·盖塔娜·波尔切里亚

卡塞塔宫，1786年2月18日

卡塞塔宫，1792年9月10日

死于天花。

玛丽亚·恩里切塔卡米拉

那不勒斯皇宫，1787年7月31日

卡塞塔宫，1792年9月20日

死于天花。

卡洛·根纳罗

1788年8月26日，那不勒斯

卡塞塔宫，1789年2月1日

死于天花。

那不勒斯的利奥波多·乔瓦尼·朱塞佩·米歇尔

那不勒斯，1790年7月2日

1851年3月10日，那不勒斯

他娶了侄女、奥地利大公爵夫人克莱门蒂娜并有后代。

阿尔贝托·洛多维科·玛丽亚·菲利波·盖塔诺

那不勒斯皇宫，1792年5月2日

1798年12月25日死于“先锋”号

童年时去世（精疲力尽地死在“先锋”号上）。

玛丽亚伊莎贝拉

那不勒斯，1793年12月2日

1801年4月23日，那不勒斯

他小时候就死了。