今天中午看了一个Ted的演讲，题目是故事的单一性，演讲人是一个非洲的女性，出生于中上层家庭，受过良好的教育，是一个小说家。
让我很羞愧的是，当我看到一个用头巾包着头发，穿着色彩鲜艳的，来自非洲的黑人女性，我的第一印象就是，非洲人懒惰，贫穷，落后，战争，没文化。
她是怎么站上这个舞台的，她会搞砸吧？
但是随着演讲的进行，我发现我的这些印象与她的实际人生经历，教育程度，演讲的内容及风格，很明显完全不匹配。
我反省了一下为什么我对于非洲人会有这种死板的印象，并且以偏概全，认为所有的非洲人都是这样的呢。
我可能是快手看多了吧。
我看到的视频，基本都是一个非洲女人在脏兮兮的地方做饭，用手当砧板切菜，旁边的孩子穿着破烂，瘦骨嶙嶙，食物上满是苍蝇，但是他们毫不在乎的用手抓起东西直接往嘴巴塞…….
或者是背着个孩子的黑人女性，在流浪，抱着一个有大大眼睛的瘦瘦的小孩，在大街上乞讨食物，永远吃不饱……
而视频中公开演讲的黑人女性，她穿着体面，举止文雅，她介绍到，她的父亲是教授，父母相爱，家庭成员关系紧密和谐，她的童年生活非常幸福，求学经历也很顺利。
她的演讲内容丰富，风格活泼。
幽默与深刻共存，通俗易懂的同时发人深省，赢得了阵阵的掌声。
她的演讲内容，叫作故事的单一性，会给人们带来多少偏见。
那会给人类带来单一的刻板印象，造成误解，冲突，整个人类都深受其害。
所以作为小说家，作为故事的传播者，一定要搜集尽可能多，全面的资料，倾听所有的声音。
不能被这种单一性控制，写的文字，故事架构全部都是关乎自己的种族，肤色，国家。
必须要开放思维，让自己的故事没有边界。
举个例子
国外的小说家不应该故事里面都是金发碧眼的外国人，喜欢喝咖啡，而是也可以有黄皮肤的中国人，他们喜欢喝茶。
中国的小说家不应该故事里面都是中国人，而是也可以是美国人，英国人，非洲人。
他们拥有不同的思维和行为模式，但是共存在一部文学作品中。
且故事不一定要符合大部分人对于这个人物的刻板印象，而是可以有人性的灰暗处，也有人性的闪光点。
有崭新的新世界，也有黑暗的旧社会。
这番演说给了我完全不同的体验。
原来写文章还可以这样！
不受自己的眼光，经历，国籍，肤色的限制，不受自己的固定思维模式限制，可以写出一切。
文章不一定来源于生活，更可以来源于想象！
有些作家会把自己介绍为，一个讲故事的人，既然是故事，那可以真实，可以虚幻，可以是人类，也可以是其他任何一样东西。
就像特朗普在有记者问为什么有权势有钱的人能得到冠状病毒的优先检验，而有的人得不到的时候，
他回答
Perhaps，That is been the story of life.
咱们的新闻报道大多把它给翻译成了，这就是人生。
太笃定，太悲观了。
其实人家想说的应该是
也许，这就是人生的故事。

今晚要开始练习演讲了，毕竟我是立志用18分钟站在TED的演讲台改变世界的人。从今天开始，我要想一个意向不到的开场白、设计一个特别响亮的口号。恩，好像还差一个催人泪下或鼓舞人心的故事。所有都准备好了，我能站上TED吗？

当然不能，或许我们能从各位演讲者身上学到一些演讲技巧，比如如何控场、如何做出手势、如何开头结尾等等。但我们学不到的是演讲者们对自己所在领域的热爱以及在一个行业深耕数十年的毅力。《帮500公里外的小侄子更好学习》的演讲者萨尔曼.可汗是可汗学院的创始人，致力于通过网络影片进行免费授课从而加快各年龄学生的学习速度；《对称性之谜》的演讲者马库斯.杜.沙托是一位数学家，终其一生都在研究对称性之美。假设两位演讲者交换了演讲主题会怎样？即便激情满满，但能打动人心吗？  所以，18分钟改变世界的不是演讲本身，而是演讲背后长时间的坚守和思考。
无论你想改变世界还是想影响他人，都请从增加阅历开始吧。去工作、去读书、去旅行、去结识朋友，让生活充实而多彩。如此，才不至于站上演讲台，说的都是别人的故事，讲的都是他人的人生。
后记：今天的材料看了几遍才有一些思路，最后定了2个角度：第一个是探讨一个演讲者的核心价值在哪里，从13岁的邹奇奇到91岁的约翰.伍登（年龄为演讲时的年龄）TED要通过演讲给我们带来什么；第二个是今天文章的思路，批判的看今天的晨读材料，不是练练演讲站在演讲台就能改变世界。两个思路有重复的部分，第一个角度对我来说有些难，就选了第二个。

http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/chi_hant/adora_svitak.html
英语字幕，可以转换。
首先我要问大家一个问题： 上一回别人说你幼稚是什么时候？ 像我这样的小孩， 可能经常会被人说成是幼稚。 每一次我们提出不合理的要求， 做出不负责任的行为， 或者展现出有别于 普通美国公民的惯常行为之时， 我们就被说成是幼稚。 这让我很不服气。 首先，让我们来回顾下这些事件： 帝国主义和殖民主义， 世界大战，小布什。 请你们扪心自问下：这些该归咎于谁？是大人。
而小孩呢，做了些什么？ 安妮·弗兰克(Anne Frank)对大屠杀强有力的叙述 打动了数百万人的心。 鲁比·布里奇斯为美国种族隔离的终结作出了贡献。 另外，最近还有一个例子， 查理·辛普森（Charlie Simpson）骑自行车 为海地募得 12万英镑。 所以，这些例子证明了 年龄与行为完全没有关系。 "幼稚"这个词所对应的特点 是常常可以从大人身上看到， 由此我们在批评 不负责和非理性的相关行为时， 应停止使用这个年龄歧视的词。
（掌声）
谢谢！
话说回来，谁能说 我们这个世界不正是需要 某些类型的非理性思维吗？ 也许你以前有过宏大的计划， 但却半途而废，心想： 这个不可能，或代价太高 或这对我不利。 不管是好是坏，我们小孩子 在思考不做某事的理由时，不太受这些考量的影响。 小孩可能会有满脑子的奇思妙想 和积极的想法， 例如我希望没有人挨饿 或者所有东西都是免费的，有点像乌托邦的理念。 你们当中有多少人还会有这样的梦想 并相信其可能性？ 有时候对历史 及对乌托邦的了解， 可能是一种负担， 因为你知道假如所有东西都是免费的， 食物储备会被清空， 而缺失将会导致混乱。 另一方面， 我们小孩还对完美抱有希望。 这是件好事，因为 要将任何事情变为现实， 你首先得心怀梦想。
在很多方面，我们的大胆想象 拓宽了可能性的疆界。 例如，华盛顿州塔可马市的玻璃博物馆， 我的家乡华盛顿州——你好！ （掌声） 这个博物馆里有一个项目叫“儿童玻璃设计”， 小孩们自由创作自己的玻璃作品。 后来，驻馆艺术家说 他们所有的一些极佳灵感就来自这个项目， 因为小孩不去理会 吹出不同形状玻璃的难度限制 他们只是构思好的点子。 当说到玻璃的时候，你们可能 想到的是奇胡利(Chihuly)色彩丰富的玻璃设计 或意大利花瓶， 但小孩子敢于挑战玻璃艺术家，并超越他们 进入心碎蛇 和火腿男孩的领地——看到了吗，火腿男孩有“肉视力”哦 （笑声）
我们先天的智慧 堪比内行人的知识。 小孩已经从大人身上学到许多， 而我们也有很多东西可以和大人共享。 我认为大人应该开始向小孩学习。 听我演讲的观众大都是教育圈子里的， 这其中有老师和学生。我喜欢这个类比。 不应该只是老师站在教室讲台上 告诉学生做这个做那个。 学生亦应教育他们的老师。 成人和儿童之间 应该互相学习。 不幸的是，于现实里，情况是截然不同的。 这跟信任的关系很大，或者说是缺乏信任的结果。
如果你不信任某人，你就给他们设限，对吧。 如果我怀疑我姐姐没有能力 偿还我给她的上一笔贷款的 百分之十的利息时， 我将要限制她再向我借钱， 直到她还清借款为止。（笑声） 顺便提一下，这是个真实的例子。 大人呢，似乎普遍地 对小孩持限制性的态度， 从学校手册里的 “不能做这个”、“不能做那个” 到学校互联网使用的各种限制性规定。 历史告诉我们，当政体害怕统治失控时， 它就会变得暴虐。 虽然大人可能不会 像独裁政权一样心狠手辣， 但小孩在制定规则方面是几乎没有话语权的。 而正确的态度应该是两者相互尊重的， 也就是说成人群体应该了解 并认真对待年幼群体的 愿望。
然而比限制更糟糕的是， 大人常常低估小孩的能力。 我们喜欢挑战，但假如大人对我们期望很低的话， 说真的，我们就会不思进取。 我自己的父母对我和姐姐 抱很高的期望。 当然，他们没有让我们立志成为医生 或律师诸如此类的， 但我爸经常读 关于亚里斯多德 和先锋细菌斗士的故事给我们听， 而其他小孩大多听的是 《公车的轮子转呀转》。 其实我们也有听这个，但《先锋细菌斗士》实在是比那个强多了。 （笑声）
四岁的时候我就喜欢上写作， 六岁的时候， 我妈给我买了台装有微软Word软件的个人手提电脑。 谢谢你比尔·盖茨！也谢谢你，妈咪！ 我用那个小手提电脑 写了300多篇短篇故事， 而且我想发表我的作品。 一个小孩想发表作品 这简直是天方夜谭，但我父母没有嘲笑我， 也没有说等你长大点儿再说， 他们非常支持我。 但是很多出版社的回应让人失望。 颇具讽刺意味的是，一个很大的儿童出版社说， 他们不跟儿童打交道。 儿童出版社不跟儿童打交道？ 怎么说呢，你这是在怠慢一个大客户嘛。 （笑声） 有一个出版商，行动出版社 愿意给我一个机会， 并倾听我想说的话。 他们出版了我的第一本书《飞舞的手指》——就是这个—— 那以后，我到数百个学校去演讲， 给数千个老师作主题演讲， 最后，在今天，给你们作演讲。
我感谢你们今天听我演讲， 因为你们会倾听我， 这证明你们真的在乎。 但小孩比大人强得多的这幅乐观图景 是存在一个问题的。 小孩会长大并变成像你们一样的大人。 （笑声） 跟你们一样，真的吗？ 我们的目标不是让小孩变成你们这样的大人， 而是比你们强的大人。 考虑到你们都这么了不起， 这可能颇具挑战性。 但进步 是因新的一代人和新的时期而发生， 不断的进步和发展，并超越之前的年代。 这就是为什么我们不再处于黑暗时代。 不管在生活中你的位置在哪里， 你必须给孩子创造机会。 这样他们才能成长并让你扬眉吐气。 （笑声）
大人和TED观众们， 你们需要倾听并向小孩学习， 信任我们和对我们怀有更高的期望。 今天你们需要聆听， 因为我们是明天的领导， 这意味着当你们年老体衰时， 我们会照顾你们。哈，只是开玩笑了。 确实，我们将成为推动世界前进 的下一代人。 而且，假如你认为这对你没有意义的话， 不要忘了克隆是可能的， 而这意味着童年可以重来， 这种情况下，像我们这一代人一样， 你也会希望大人倾听你们的心声。 世界需要产生新的领导人 和新想法的机会。 小孩需要机会去领导和取得成功。 你准备好去促成这一切了吗？ 因为这个世界的问题， 不应该是人类家庭的传家宝。
谢谢你们！ （掌声） 谢谢！谢谢！
Now, I want to start with a question: When was the last time you were called childish? For kids like me, being called childish can be a frequent occurrence. Every time we make irrational demands, exhibit irresponsible behavior, or display any other signs of being normal American citizens, we are called childish, which really bothers me. After all, take a look at these events: Imperialism and colonization, world wars, George W. Bush. Ask yourself: Who's responsible? Adults.
Now, what have kids done? Well, Anne Frank touched millions with her powerful account of the Holocaust, Ruby Bridges helped end segregation in the United States, and, most recently, Charlie Simpson helped to raise 120,000 pounds for Haiti on his little bike. So, as you can see evidenced by such examples, age has absolutely nothing to do with it. The traits the word childish addresses are seen so often in adults that we should abolish this age-discriminatory word when it comes to criticizing behavior associated with irresponsibility and irrational thinking.
(Applause)
Thank you.
Then again, who's to say that certain types of irrational thinking aren't exactly what the world needs? Maybe you've had grand plans before, but stopped yourself, thinking: That's impossible or that costs too much or that won't benefit me. For better or worse, we kids aren't hampered as much when it comes to thinking about reasons why not to do things. Kids can be full of inspiring aspirations and hopeful thinking, like my wish that no one went hungry or that everything were free kind of utopia. How many of you still dream like that and believe in the possibilities? Sometimes a knowledge of history and the past failures of utopian ideals can be a burden because you know that if everything were free, that the food stocks would become depleted, and scarce and lead to chaos. On the other hand, we kids still dream about perfection. And that's a good thing because in order to make anything a reality, you have to dream about it first.
In many ways, our audacity to imagine helps push the boundaries of possibility. For instance, the Museum of Glass in Tacoma, Washington, my home state -- yoohoo Washington -- (Applause) has a program called Kids Design Glass, and kids draw their own ideas for glass art. Now, the resident artist said they got some of their best ideas through the program because kids don't think about the limitations of how hard it can be to blow glass into certain shapes. They just think of good ideas. Now, when you think of glass, you might think of colorful Chihuly designs or maybe Italian vases, but kids challenge glass artists to go beyond that into the realm of broken-hearted snakes and bacon boys, who you can see has meat vision. (Laughter)
Now, our inherent wisdom doesn't have to be insiders' knowledge. Kids already do a lot of learning from adults, and we have a lot to share. I think that adults should start learning from kids. Now, I do most of my speaking in front of an education crowd, teachers and students, and I like this analogy. It shouldn't just be a teacher at the head of the classroom telling students do this, do that. The students should teach their teachers. Learning between grown ups and kids should be reciprocal. The reality, unfortunately, is a little different, and it has a lot to do with trust, or a lack of it.
Now, if you don't trust someone, you place restrictions on them, right. If I doubt my older sister's ability to pay back the 10 percent interest I established on her last loan, I'm going to withhold her ability to get more money from me until she pays it back. (Laughter) True story, by the way. Now, adults seem to have a prevalently restrictive attitude towards kids from every "don't do that," "don't do this" in the school handbook, to restrictions on school internet use. As history points out, regimes become oppressive when they're fearful about keeping control. And, although adults may not be quite at the level of totalitarian regimes, kids have no, or very little, say in making the rules, when really the attitude should be reciprocal, meaning that the adult population should learn and take into account the wishes of the younger population.
Now, what's even worse than restriction is that adults often underestimate kids abilities. We love challenges, but when expectations are low, trust me, we will sink to them. My own parents had anything but low expectations for me and my sister. Okay, so they didn't tell us to become doctors or lawyers or anything like that, but my dad did read to us about Aristotle and pioneer germ fighters when lots of other kids were hearing "The Wheels on the Bus Go Round and Round." Well, we heard that one too, but "Pioneer Germ Fighters" totally rules. (Laughter)
I loved to write from the age of four, and when I was six my mom bought me my own laptop equipped with Microsoft Word. Thank you Bill Gates and thank you Ma. I wrote over 300 short stories on that little laptop, and I wanted to get published. Instead of just scoffing at this heresy that a kid wanted to get published, or saying wait until you're older, my parents were really supportive. Many publishers were not quite so encouraging. One large children's publisher ironically saying that they didn't work with children. Children's publisher not working with children? I don't know, you're kind of alienating a large client there. (Laughter) Now, one publisher, Action Publishing, was willing to take that leap and trust me, and to listen to what I had to say. They published my first book, "Flying Fingers," -- you see it here -- and from there on, it's gone to speaking at hundreds of schools, keynoting to thousands of educators, and finally, today, speaking to you.
I appreciate your attention today, because to show that you truly care, you listen. But there's a problem with this rosy picture of kids being so much better than adults. Kids grow up and become adults just like you. (Laughter) Or just like you, really? The goal is not to turn kids into your kind of adult, but rather better adults than you have been, which may be a little challenging considering your guys credentials, but the way progress happens is because new generations and new eras grow and develop and become better than the previous ones. It's the reason we're not in the Dark Ages anymore. No matter your position of place in life, it is imperative to create opportunities for children so that we can grow up to blow you away. (Laughter)
Adults and fellow TEDsters, you need to listen and learn from kids and trust us and expect more from us. You must lend an ear today, because we are the leaders of tomorrow, which means we're going to be taking care of you when you're old and senile. No, just kidding. No, really, we are going to be the next generation, the ones who will bring this world forward. And, in case you don't think that this really has meaning for you, remember that cloning is possible, and that involves going through childhood again, in which case, you'll want to be heard just like my generation. Now, the world needs opportunities for new leaders and new ideas. Kids need opportunities to lead and succeed. Are you ready to make the match? Because the world's problems shouldn't be the human family's heirloom.
Thank you. (Applause) Thank you. Thank you.

看完视频之后，我认为不只是演讲，写作之中这四点原则也很实用：①只传达一个主要观点，突出自己想要表达的重点；②给观众一个需要关注的理由，激发观众的好奇心；③一步一步打造观点，可以使用比喻来解释他人难以理解的专业术语；④让你的想法值得分享，如果只适用于自己那还是算了吧。好的想法值得不断的传播与分享使得他人从中获益。

Some people think that there's a TED Talk formula:"Give a talk on a round, red rug." "Share a childhood story." "Divulge a personal secret." "End with an inspiring call to action."

有些人认为，TED演讲有固定套路：在一块圆形红毯上演讲；分享一个儿时的故事；自曝一个私人秘密；最后激情昂扬的号召大家一起行动。

 No. That's not how to think of a TED Talk. In fact, if you overuse those devices, you're just going to come across as clichéd or emotionally manipulative.But there is one thing that all great TED Talks have in common, and I would like to share that thing with you,  because over the past 12 years, I've had a ringside seat, listening to many hundreds of amazing TED speakers, like these. I've helped them prepare their talks for prime time, and learned directly from them their secrets of what makes for a great talk.

错了，TED演讲不是这样的。事实上，如果你滥用了这些工具，你讲的只会是陈词滥调，或是操纵观众情绪而已。但是有一点，是所有优秀的TED演讲者都具备的，我今天愿意与各位分享这一点，因为过去12年来，我一直坐在一个近距离观察位，聆听了上百位优秀TED演讲者的演讲，像这些人。我帮助他们准备这些重要的演讲，也从他们身上学到了伟大演讲的奥秘所在。

And even though these speakers and their topics all seem completely different, they actually do have one key common ingredient. And it's this: Your number one task as a speaker is to transfer into your listeners' minds an extraordinary gift -- a strange and beautiful object that we call an idea.
尽管他们讲的话题，五花八门，各不相同。他们确实具备一个共同特点，就是这个：你作为演讲者的首要任务是向听众传递一份与众不同的礼物，一种美丽而不寻常的东西，我们称之为“想法”。

Let me show you what I mean. Here's Haley. She is about to give a TED Talk and frankly, she's terrified. (Video) Presenter: Haley Van Dyck! (Applause) Over the course of 18 minutes, 1,200 people, many of whom have never seen each other before, are finding that their brains are starting to sync with Haley's brain and with each other. They're literally beginning to exhibit the same brain-wave patterns. And I don't just mean they're feeling the same emotions. There's something even more startling happening.

让我解释一下，这是海莉。她就要做一个TED演讲了，坦白说，她紧张坏了。在接下来的18分钟里，在场的1200人，很多人从未互相见过面，发现自己的大脑与海莉的大脑开始同步，也与在座的各位同步。他们真正的开始拥有相同的脑波。我不只是说他们体会到相同的情绪。还有更令人惊讶的事情在发生。
Let's take a look inside Haley's brain for a moment. There are billions of interconnected neurons in an impossible tangle. But look here, right here -- a few million of them are linked to each other in a way which represents a single idea. And incredibly, this exact pattern is being recreated in real time inside the minds of everyone listening. That's right; in just a few minutes, a pattern involving millions of neurons is being teleported into 1,200 minds, just by people listening to a voice and watching a face.

那就先看看海莉的大脑吧。她的大脑里数十亿神经元纷繁交错，但是看看这里，就是这里——有几百万神经元相连接，代表了一个独立的想法。不可思议的是，这个模型正实时再现在每一位听众的的大脑里。没错，短短几分钟内，数百万神经元相连接组成，正在传送至1200个大脑之中，人们只是听到一个声音，看到一张脸，就完成了这样的传送。

But wait -- what is an idea anyway? Well, you can think of it as a pattern of information that helps you understand and navigate the world. Ideas come in all shapes and sizes, from the complex and analytical to the simple and aesthetic.

但是等等，到底什么是“想法”呢？你可以把他想象成一个信息模式，帮助你理解世界、遨游世界，想法有各种形状、各种大小，从复杂的、需要分析思考的到简单的、富有美感的。

Here are just a few examplesshared from the TED stage. Sir Ken Robinson -- creativity is key to our kids'future. (Video) Sir Ken Robinson: My contention is that creativity now is asimportant in education as literacy, and we should treat it with the samestatus. Chris Anderson: Elora Hardy -- building from bamboo is beautiful.(Video) Elora Hardy: It is growing all around us, it's strong, it's elegant,it's earthquake-resistant. CA: Chimamanda Adichie -- people are more than asingle identity.(Video) Chimamanda Adichie: The single story createsstereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, butthat they are incomplete.
简单举几个TED台上的例子，肯.罗宾逊爵士：《学校扼杀创造力》。（视频）肯.罗宾逊爵士：我认为，现在，创造力在教育中的地位同读写能力一样重要，理应得到同样的重视。克里斯.安德森（简称安德森）：伊劳拉.哈迪——《精美的竹制魔法屋》。（视频）伊劳拉.哈迪：竹子无处不在，它们坚韧、优雅，能抵御地震的冲击。安德森：奇玛曼达.阿迪契——《单一故事的危险性》。奇玛曼达.阿迪契：单一故事产生偏见印象，这种偏见印象的问题不在于它不真实，而是它不完整。

CA: Your mind is teeming withideas, and not just randomly. They're carefully linked together. Collectivelythey form an amazingly complex structure that is your personal worldview. It'syour brain's operating system. It's how you navigate the world. And it is builtup out of millions of individual ideas.

安德森：你的大脑里装满了各种想法，他们并非杂乱无章，而是有机相连。共同构成一种奇妙的复杂结构，这就是你的个人世界观。是你大脑的操作系统，决定你如何观察世界。它正是基于你脑海中数百万个独立的想法。

So, forexample, if one little component of your worldview is the idea that kittens areadorable, then when you see this, you'll react like this. But if anothercomponent of your worldview is the idea that leopards are dangerous, then whenyou see this, you'll react a little bit differently. So, it's pretty obviouswhy the ideas that make up your worldview are crucial. You need them to be asreliable as possible -- a guide, to the scary but wonderful real world outthere.

所以，比如说，如果你世界观中的一个小小组件，认为小猫咪很可爱，那么当你看到这张图时，你的反应是这样的。但如果世界观中的另一组件认为豹子是危险的，当你看到这个时，你就会有不同的反应。所以显而易见，那些构成世界观的观点如此至关重要。这些观点要尽量可靠—像一个向导，带你走进危机四伏、又精彩绝伦的真实世界。

Now,different people's worldviews can be dramatically different. For example, howdoes your worldview react when you see this image: (Video) Dalia Mogahed: Whatdo you think when you look at me? "A woman of faith," "anexpert," maybe even "a sister"? Or "oppressed,""brainwashed," "a terrorist"?

不同的人可能拥有截然不同的世界观。例如，当你看到这幅图时，你的世界观会作何反应？（视频）达莉亚.莫干哈德：当你们看到我时，你们是怎么想的？“有信仰的女人”“一位专家”甚至“一位修女”或者“受压迫”“被洗脑了的”“一个恐怖分子”？

CA: Whatever your answer, thereare millions of people out there who would react very differently. So that'swhy ideas really matter. If communicated properly, they're capable of changing,forever, how someone thinks about the world, and shaping their actions both nowand well into the future. Ideas are the most powerful force shaping humanculture.

不论你的答案是什么，总有上百万人和你有不一样的反应。这就是为什么“想法很重要”。如果沟通恰当，它们可以从此改变一些看待世界的方式，塑造他们的行为，改变他们现在以及将来的行为。想法是缔造人类文化的最重要力量。

So if you accept that your numberone task as a speaker is to build an idea inside the minds of your audience,here are four guidelines for how you should go about that task:

如果，你也同意你作为一个演讲者的首要任务就是在听众的心理种下一个想法，那么，下面有四条原则，指导你完成任务：

One, limit your talk to justone major idea. Ideas are complex things; you need to slash back your contentso that you can focus on the single idea you're most passionate about, and giveyourself a chance to explain that one thing properly. You have to give context,share examples, make it vivid. So pick one idea, and make it the through-linerunning through your entire talk, so that everything you say links back to itin some way.

首先，只传递一个主要思想。想法是个很复杂的东西，你要对你的内容做减法，突出重点，只关注一个主要思想，这也就是你最富有热情的观点。利用机会，好好阐述它。你要给出内容，分享案例，生动阐述。所以找一个观点，将它作为贯穿你整个演讲的主线，这样，泥浆的所有内容都可以回到这一点。

Two, give your listeners areason to care. Before you can start building things inside the minds of youraudience, you have to get their permission to welcome you in. And the main toolto achieve that? Curiosity. Stir your audience's curiosity. Use intriguing,provocative questions to identify why something doesn't make sense and needsexplaining. If you can reveal a disconnection in someone's worldview, they'llfeel the need to bridge that knowledge gap. And once you've sparked thatdesire, it will be so much easier to start building your idea.

第二，给听众一个需要关注的理由。如果你想在听众的脑海里建造高楼大厦，你必须先得到他们的进入许可。那么，实现这一点的主要工具是什么呢？好奇心。激发观众的好奇心，利用一些引人入胜、发人深省的问题，来来发现一些不合情理、需要解释的东西。如果你可以提示某些人世界观中还未建立的联系，他们就会觉得有必要补上这块知识。当你成功激发了他们的欲望，再开始打造观点就容易很多。

Three, buildyour idea, piece by piece, out of concepts that your audience already understands. You use the power of language to weave together concepts thatalready exist in your listeners' minds -- but not your language, theirlanguage. You start where they are. The speakers often forget that many of theterms and concepts they live with are completely unfamiliar to their audiences.Now, metaphors can play a crucial role in showing how the pieces fit together,because they reveal the desired shape of the pattern, based on an idea that thelistener already understands.

第三，一步一步地打造观点。利用观众现有的知识体系。你可以运用语言的力量，将已有的观念编织在一起，利用他们原本知晓的概念——不是用你的语言，而是他们的语言，从他们的角度出发。演讲者经常会忘了，许多自己十分熟悉的术语和概念，对于观众来说是完全陌生的。在这里，比喻就可以发挥关键作用，体现各部分的联系，因为它们能形象展现整体结构，基于听众现有的知识基础。

For example,when Jennifer Kahn wanted to explain the incredible new biotechnology calledCRISPR, she said, "It's as if, for the first time, you had a wordprocessor to edit DNA. CRISPR allows you to cut and paste genetic informationreally easily." Now, a vivid explanation like that delivers a satisfyingaha moment as it snaps into place in our minds. It's important, therefore, totest your talk on trusted friends, and find out which parts they get confusedby.

例如，詹妮弗.可汗，当她要解释一种不可思议的全新生物技术CRISPR，她说道，“这就好像，有史以来第一次你拥有一个世界处理器来编辑DNA，CRISPR能使你轻易拷贝、黏贴基因信息。”这样一种生动的描述就让观众一下子恍然大悟，让人瞬间明白是怎么回事。因此，重要的是，事先与可信赖的朋友试讲一下，找到他们听不明白的地方。
Four, here's the final tip:Make your idea worth sharing. By that I mean, ask yourself the question:"Who does this idea benefit?" And I need you to be honest with theanswer. If the idea only serves you or your organization, then, I'm sorry tosay, it's probably not worth sharing. The audience will see right through you.But if you believe that the idea has the potential to brighten up someoneelse's day or change someone else's perspective for the better or inspiresomeone to do something differently, then you have the core ingredient to atruly great talk, one that can be a gift to them and to all of us.

第四，也就是最后一条：让你的想法值得分享。我指的是，问自己一个问题：“这个想法会使谁受益？”我希望大家能城市的对待这个答案。如果它只对你或者你的组织适用，那么对不起，这个点子可能不值得传播。观众会立马看穿你，但是，如果你相信这个点子有潜力，会给别人带来灵感，或改善别人的观点，或者启发别人尝试新的改变，那么你就具备了一个真正伟大演讲的核心特质，它将是一份给听众、以及我们每个人的礼物。